When Reviewing Your Essay Which Steps Should You Take? Select All That Apply
The Writing Process | 5 Steps with Examples & Tips
Good academic writing requires effective planning, drafting, and revision.
The writing process looks different for everyone, only in that location are five basic steps that will assist you structure your time when writing any kind of text.
Step i: Prewriting
Before y'all start writing, you need to decide exactly what you'll write most and do the necessary research.
Coming up with a topic
If you have to come up with your own topic for an assignment, think of what you've covered in grade—is at that place a detail area that intrigued, interested, or even confused you? Topics that left you with additional questions are perfect, as these are questions you tin explore in your writing.
The scope of your topics depends on what blazon of text you're writing—for example, an essay, a enquiry paper or a dissertation. Don't option annihilation likewise aggressive to encompass inside the give-and-take count, or likewise express for you lot to find much to say.
Narrow down your idea to a specific argument or question. For example, an advisable topic for an essay might be narrowed down similar this:
Doing the inquiry
In one case you know your topic, it'southward fourth dimension to search for relevant sources and get together the information you demand. This process varies co-ordinate to your subject and the scope of the assignment. It might involve:
- Searching for main and secondary sources.
- Reading the relevant texts closely (due east.m. for literary analysis).
- Collecting data using relevant research methods (eastward.g. experiments, interviews or surveys)
From a writing perspective, the of import thing is to accept plenty of notes while you do the research. Go along track of the titles, authors, publication dates, and relevant quotations from your sources; the data you gathered; and your initial analysis or interpretation of the questions you lot're addressing.
Stride 2: Planning and outlining
Especially in academic writing, it'south important to use a logical structure to convey information effectively. It's far better to plan this out in advance than to try to piece of work out your structure once you've already begun writing.
Creating an essay outline is a useful way to programme out your structure before you start writing. This should help y'all work out the main ideas you desire to focus on and how you'll organize them. The outline doesn't take to be final—it'due south okay if your structure changes throughout the writing process.
Employ bullet points or numbering to make your structure articulate at a glance. Even for a short text that won't use headings, it'south useful to summarize what you'll hash out in each paragraph.
An outline for a literary analysis essay might expect something similar this:
Receive feedback on language, structure and formatting
Professional editors proofread and edit your newspaper by focusing on:
- Academic style
- Vague sentences
- Grammar
- Manner consistency
See an case
Footstep 3: Writing a outset draft
Once you have a articulate idea of your structure, it'southward time to produce a full first draft.
This process tin exist quite non-linear. For instance, it's reasonable to begin writing with the master torso of the text, saving the introduction for later once you take a clearer idea of the text you're introducing.
To give construction to your writing, apply your outline equally a framework. Brand sure that each paragraph has a clear cardinal focus that relates to your overall argument.
Hover over the parts of the example, from a literary analysis essay on Mansfield Park, to see how a paragraph is synthetic.
The character of Mrs. Norris provides another example of the operation of morals in Mansfield Park. Early in the novel, she is described in scathing terms as one who knows "how to dictate liberality to others: merely her dearest of coin was equal to her love of directing" (p. 7). This hypocrisy does not interfere with her self-conceit equally "the most liberal-minded sister and aunt in the world" (p. vii).
When you move onto a different topic, get-go a new paragraph. Utilise appropriate transition words and phrases to show the connections betwixt your ideas.
The goal at this phase is to get a draft completed, not to make everything perfect equally you become along. Once yous have a total draft in front of you lot, you'll have a clearer idea of where improvement is needed.
Requite yourself a get-go draft deadline that leaves you a reasonable length of time to revise, edit, and proofread before the final deadline. For a longer text similar a dissertation, you and your supervisor might hold on deadlines for individual capacity.
Step four: Redrafting and revising
Now information technology'south time to look critically at your get-go typhoon and notice potential areas for improvement. Redrafting ways essentially adding or removing content, while revising involves making changes to structure and reformulating arguments.
Evaluating the outset draft
Information technology tin can be difficult to look considerately at your own writing. Your perspective might be positively or negatively biased—especially if y'all try to assess your work soon subsequently finishing information technology.
Information technology's all-time to leave your work alone for at least a twenty-four hour period or two after completing the starting time draft. Come back after a break to evaluate it with fresh eyes; you'll spot things you wouldn't have otherwise.
When evaluating your writing at this phase, you're mainly looking for larger issues such equally changes to your arguments or construction. Starting with bigger concerns saves you lot time—there's no point perfecting the grammar of something you end upwards cutting out anyway.
Right now, y'all're looking for:
- Arguments that are unclear or casuistic.
- Areas where information would be improve presented in a different order.
- Passages where boosted information or explanation is needed.
- Passages that are irrelevant to your overall statement.
For example, in our paper on Mansfield Park, nosotros might realize the argument would be stronger with more straight consideration of the protagonist Fanny Price, and decide to try to find infinite for this in paragraph IV.
For some assignments, yous'll receive feedback on your start draft from a supervisor or peer. Be sure to pay close attending to what they tell you, as their advice will usually requite you a clearer sense of which aspects of your text demand improvement.
Redrafting and revising
In one case you've decided where changes are needed, brand the big changes showtime, equally these are probable to have knock-on effects on the balance. Depending on what your text needs, this step might involve:
- Making changes to your overall statement.
- Reordering the text.
- Cutting parts of the text.
- Adding new text.
You lot can go dorsum and along between writing, redrafting and revising several times until you accept a final draft that yous're happy with.
Call back nearly what changes you can realistically accomplish in the time you have. If y'all are running low on time, y'all don't want to go out your text in a messy state halfway through redrafting, and so brand sure to prioritize the most important changes.
Step 5: Editing and proofreading
Editing focuses on local concerns similar clarity and sentence structure. Proofreading involves reading the text closely to remove typos and ensure stylistic consistency.
Editing for grammar and clarity
When editing, you want to ensure your text is articulate, concise, and grammatically correct. Yous're looking out for:
- Grammatical errors.
- Cryptic phrasings.
- Redundancy and repetition.
In your initial draft, it'south common to cease up with a lot of sentences that are poorly formulated. Look critically at where your meaning could exist conveyed in a more than effective way or in fewer words, and sentinel out for common judgement construction mistakes similar run-on sentences and sentence fragments:
- Austen's style is oftentimes humorous, her characters are oft described as "witty." Although this is less true of Mansfield Park.
- Austen's style is ofttimes humorous. Her characters are oft described as "witty," although this is less truthful of Mansfield Park.
Proofreading for small mistakes and typos
When proofreading, first look out for typos in your text:
- Spelling errors.
- Missing words.
- Dislocated word choices.
- Punctuation errors.
- Missing or excess spaces.
Employ your discussion processor'due south built-in spell check, simply don't expect to find 100% of problems in this way. Read through your text line by line, watching out for problem areas highlighted by the software simply also for any other issues it might have missed.
For example, in the following phrase we notice several errors:
- Mary Crawfords character is a complicate one and her relationships with Fanny and Edmund undergoes several transformations through out the novel.
- Mary Crawford's graphic symbol is a complicated one, and her relationships with both Fanny and Edmund undergo several transformations throughout the novel.
Proofreading for stylistic consistency
There are several issues in academic writing where yous tin can choose betwixt multiple different standards. For example:
- Whether y'all use the serial comma.
- Whether you utilize American or British spellings and punctuation.
- Where y'all use numerals vs. words for numbers.
- How you capitalize your titles and headings.
Unless you're given specific guidance on these issues, it'southward your choice which standards you follow. The important thing is to consistently follow i standard for each issue. For example, don't utilise a mixture of American and British spellings in your paper.
Additionally, you lot will probably be provided with specific guidelines for issues related to format (how your text is presented on the folio) and citations (how you acknowledge your sources). Always follow these instructions advisedly.
Frequently asked questions most the writing procedure
- What's the difference betwixt revising, proofreading, and editing?
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Revising, proofreading, and editing are different stages of the writing process.
- Revising is making structural and logical changes to your text—reformulating arguments and reordering information.
- Editing refers to making more local changes to things similar sentence structure and phrasing to make sure your meaning is conveyed clearly and concisely.
- Proofreading involves looking at the text closely, line by line, to spot any typos and issues with consistency and correct them.
- How can I get better at proofreading?
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Whether y'all're publishing a blog, submitting a enquiry paper, or even just writing an important email, there are a few techniques you lot tin use to brand sure information technology'southward error-costless:
- Accept a break: Fix your work aside for at least a few hours so that y'all tin can wait at it with fresh eyes.
- Proofread a printout: Staring at a screen for as well long tin can cause fatigue – sit downward with a pen and newspaper to check the final version.
- Use digital shortcuts: Take note of whatever recurring mistakes (for example, misspelling a particular word, switching between US and UK English, or inconsistently capitalizing a term), and use Discover and Supersede to ready it throughout the certificate.
If y'all want to be confident that an important text is error-free, it might exist worth choosing a professional proofreading service instead.
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